also applied by

γλῠκύς, εῖα (

A

- ῆα Herod.4.2

), ύ (

- ύν IG14.1890

), sweet to the taste or smell,

νέκταρ Il.1.598

;

οἶνος Epich.124

, etc.;

γλυκὺ ὄζειν Cratin.Jun. 1

, prob. in Crates Com.2; opp. ὀξύς, Hp.Vict.2.55; opp. δριμύς, Plu. 2.708e: mostly metaph., even in Hom., pleasant, delightful, ἵμερος, ὕπνος, Il.3.139, Od.2.395;

γ. αἰών 5.152

, Hdt.7.46;

πόλεμος γλυκίων γένετ' ἠὲ νέεσθαι Il.2.453

;

οὐδὲν γλύκιον ἧς πατρίδος οὐδὲ τοκήων Od.9.34

, cf. Pi.N.5.2, E.Med. 1036, etc.; γλυκύ [ἐστι], c. inf., A.Pr. 698, Alex. 210;

θανεῖν γλύκιστον B.3.47

;

ὅτῳ.. μηδὲν ἦν ἰδεῖν γλυκύ S.OT 1335

(lyr.), cf. 1390.

b of water, sweet, fresh, Xenoph.1.8, etc.; opp. πικρός, Hdt.4.52; opp. ἁλμυρός, Arist.Mete. 355a33, etc.

2 after Hom. (but v. supr.), of persons, sweet, dear, γλυκεῖα (v.l. -ῆα)

μᾶτερ Sapph. 90

;

γλυκεῖαι παῖδες ἀρχαίου Σκότου S.OC 106

: c. inf.,

γ. φρὴν συμπόταισιν ὁμιλεῖν Pi.P.6.52

; freq. in epitaphs, IG14.1472 ([comp] Sup.), etc.; also

ὑπὲρ τῆς γλυκυτάτης πατρίδος τελευτῆσαι POxy. 33i13

(ii A. D.); ὦ γλυκύτατε my dear fellow, Ar.Ach. 462, cf. Ec. 124; sts. in bad sense, simple, silly, ὡς γ. εἶ! Pl.Hp.Ma. 288b; also applied κατ' ἀντίφρασιν to a swine, Gal.18(2).611; γλυκὺ πνεῖον, of mustard, Matro Conv.90.

II as Subst., ὁ γ. (sc. οἶνος) grape-syrup, Alex. 59, 172.14, Arist.Pr. 875b2, Herod.6.77, POxy.1088.51; also

τὸ γ. Nic.Al. 386

, POxy. 234ii6 (ii/iii A. D.).

b of the eye of Polyphemus, Theoc.6.22.

2 ἡ γ., = γλυκύρριζα, Thphr.HP9.13.2.

3 ἡ γ., = χολή, Sch.Nic. Th. 594.

III [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup.

γλυκίων Od.9.34

;

γλύκιστος B.3.47

, Ael.NA12.46, etc.; also

γλυκύτερος, -τατος Pi.O.1.109

, 19, etc.;

γλύσσων Xenoph.38.2

.

IV Adv.

- κέως Poll.4.24

. (Perh. fr. Δλυκύς, cf. Lat. dulcis.)

σῐδηρ-ίτης [ῑτ], ου, ὁ, fem. [suff] σῐδηρ-ῖτις, ιδος: [dialect] Dor. [full] σῐδᾱρίτας, α, ὁ:—

A of iron, σ. πόλεμος iron war, Pi.N.5.19; σ. τέχνη the smith's art, Eup.263; σ. πέτρα rock with iron ore in it, D.S.5.13;

σ. γῆ Arist.Fr. 326

ed. Berol., Poll.3.87.

2 σιδηρῖτις, with or without λίθος, loadstone, Phld. Sign.9, Str.15.1.38, Plu.2.1005c, etc.

3 a precious stone, Plin. HN37.58, al.; used as remedy for snake-bite, Orph.L. 361, 390, 419.

II σιδηρῖτις, ἡ, ironwort, Sideritis romana, Dsc.4.33, Plin. HN25.43, Aret.CD2.12; also

σ. πόα Hsch.

;

βοτάνη ἡ σ. J.AJ3.7.6

, Gal.12.885.

2 also applied by Dsc. to burnet, Poterium Sanguisorba, 4.34; Cretan fig-wort, Scrophularia lucida, ib.35; Achilles' woundwort, Achillea tomentosa, ib.36.

3 = ἑλξίνη, ib.85.

4 = χαμαίπιτυς, Id.3.158.

5 = περιστερεὼν ὕπτιος, Ps.-Dsc.4.60.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `junior, youngest' always of persons, also applied to women (Il.).

Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]

Etymology: Oppositional formation in - τερος like κουρότερος, ἀγρότερος, ὀρέστερος. After the notable interpretation of the Ancients prop. `able to ware arms, sturdy' as opposed to the γεροντες. Extensive argumentation in Bechtel Lex. s.v., agreeing Schwyzer-Debrunner 183; cf. also Barone Boll. fil. class. 13, 283. Wrong interpretations in Bq.

Page in Frisk: 2,405

βόσπορ-ος, ὁ, (

A

βοὸς πόρος Opp.H.1.617

) wrongly expld. by the Greeks as Ox-ford, name of several straits, β. Κιμμέριος, Θρᾴκιος, Hdt.4.12,83, etc. (also applied to the Hellespont by A.Pers. 723, 746, S.Aj. 884, Sch.adll. cc.):—Adj. [suff] βοσπόρ-ειος, ον, S.Fr. 707:

κᾰλοκἄγᾰθ-ος, ον, an adject. form, perh. only in Poll.4.11 (in all early writers written divisim καλὸς κἀγαθός) ; καλὸς κἀγαθός orig. denotes a

A perfect gentleman, Hdt.1.30, Ar.Eq. 185, 735, al., Th.4.40, 8.48, X.HG5.3.9, Arist.Pol. 1293b39, etc.;

καλώ τε κἀγαθώ X.An.4.1.19

; but later in a moral sense, a perfect character, Arist.MM 1207b25; also applied to qualities, actions, etc.,

οὐδὲν καλὸν κἀγαθὸν εἰδέναι Pl.Ap. 21d

;

τῶν καλῶν τε κἀγαθῶν ἔργων X. Mem.2.1.20

; καρτερία κ. κ. Pl.La. 192c; καρδία κ. καὶ ἀ. Ev.Luc.8.15;

πάντα ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ τὰ καλὰ καὶ τἀγαθὰ ἀσκητὰ εἶναι X.Mem.1.2.23

, cf. Cyr.2.1.17; of things, admirable, splendid, ib.3.3.6; πᾶν ὅ τι κ. καὶ ἀ. ἐστιν ἐν Σάρδεσιν ib.7.2.12;

μαντεῖαι πολλαὶ καὶ καλαὶ κἀγ. καὶ ἀληθεῖς D.Ep.1.16

: [comp] Sup.,

ὅ τι κάλλιστον καὶ ἄριστον ἔχετε X.An. 2.1.9

, cf. 5.6.28: rarely with words between, ἦν καὶ κ., ὦ δέσποτα, καὶ ἀ. v.l. in Id.Cyr.4.6.3; ἅμα μὲν κ., ἅμα δὲ ἀ. Pl.Ti. 88c;

κ. μὲν γὰρ ἦν καὶ ἀ. ὁ Βρασίδας Plu.Lyc.25

.

νίπτρον, τό, ([etym.] νίζω)

A water for washing, Poll.10.78: mostly in pl., A.Fr. 225, E. Ion 1174, Hel. 1384, AP12.68 (Mel.);

παῖδες ν. ἔδοσαν κατὰ χειρῶν Philox.2.39

.

II Νίπτρα, τά, the Bath Scene, title of play by Sophocles on the recognition of Odysseus by his nurse; also applied to Od.19, Arist.Po. 1460a26, and to the Bath Scene in that book, ib. 1454b30.

τρίζω, Od.24.5,7, Hp.Morb.2.55, Arist.HA 504a19, al.; but [tense] pf. τέτριγα is more freq. in [tense] pres. sense, [dialect] Ep. part. τετριγῶτες, for τετριγότες, Il.2.314:—prop. of sounds uttered by animals (cf. τριγμός, τρύζω),

A utter a shrill cry, of young birds, Il.2.314; of bats, Od.24.7, cf. Hdt.3.110; of the

Τρωγοδύται, τετρίγασι κατά περ αἱ νυκτερίδες Id.4.183

; of partridges, Arist.HA 536b14; of the ἴυγξ, ib. 504a19; of locusts, Id.Mir. 844b26; of young swallows, Luc.Tim.21; of the elephant, Id.Zeux.10; of mice, Arat.1132, Babr.108.23, etc.; of the fish called σελάχη, Arist.HA 535b25: also applied to the noise made by ghosts, 'squeak and gibber', Il.23.101, Od.24.5,9; ἔτριζον δίκην ἀσπίδων ([etym.] αἱ ψυχαί) Herm. ap. Stob.1.49.44.

2 of other sounds, τετρίγει ([dialect] Ep. [tense] plpf.) δ' ἄρα νῶτα θρασειάων ἀπὸ χειρῶν the wrestlers' backs creaked, Il.23.714; so τρίζει, crepitates, of a broken collar-bone, Sor.Fract.13;

τέτριγε δ' ὁ κυνόδων

grinds,

Epich.21

; τὸ τρίζειν ἀκουσίως involuntary gnashing, Gal.7.150;

τ. τοὺς ὀδόντας Ev.Marc.9.18

;

τοῖς ὀδοῦσι Hippiatr.86

; of a musical string, give a crack, AP6.54 (Paul. Sil.); of an axle, creak,

ἄξων τετριγὼς ὑπ' ἄμαξαν Call.Hec.1.4.14

; so of a cart-wheel, Babr.52.2; of a shoe, Philostr.Ep.37 ( τρύζοι codd.);

ἡ κοιλίη τ. Hp.Morb.2.55

; of singing in the ears, τὰ ὦτα τέτριγε ib.15; of the hissing or crackling of a person burnt in the fire, Eup.120.

φῐλᾰλήθ-ης, ες (parox., on the accent v. Hdn.Gr. 1.80),

A loving truth, a lover of truth, Arist.EN 1127b4, Phld.Rh.1.361 S., D.S.1.76, Ph.1.192, Plu.Mar.28; opp. φιλοψεύδης, Charond. ap. Stob. 4.2.24: [comp] Sup.,

φιλοσοφώτατος καὶ -έστατος Jul.Ep.97

:—certain philosophers are called φιλαλήθεις by D.L.1.17, who seems to intend the Epicureans; also applied to the physician Alexander of Laodicea, Anon.Lond.24.32 (where [suff] φῐλᾰλήθ-ειος), Sor.2.2, etc. Adv.

- θως Phld.Piet. 123

, D.S.2 32, Gal.19.348; frankly, Cic.QF2.15(16).5.

υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’

① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendant

ⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.

ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).

ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.

ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.

② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1

ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.

ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).

ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thing

α. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).

β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).

ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesus

α. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 4, Rel.³ 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.

β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen² 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.² ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums² ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.

γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.³ 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.³ 418ff; Clemen² 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.² 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie² I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf² ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach³, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

πίπτω, [dialect] Aeol. [full] πίσσω, acc. to Gramm. in Hilgard

A Exc. ex libris Herodiani p.28 (cf. Hdn.Gr.2.377 note); poet. subj.

πίπτῃσι Pl.Com. 153.5

: [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

πῖπτον Il.8.67

, etc. (for the quantity of ι cf. Hdn. Gr.2.10); [dialect] Ion. πίπτεσκον ( συμ-) Emp.59.2: [tense] fut.

πεσοῦμαι A.Ch. 971

(lyr.), etc.; [dialect] Ion.[ per.] 3pl.

πεσέονται Il.11.824

, [ per.] 3sg.

πεσέεται Hdt.7.163

, 168: [tense] aor. ἔπεσον, inf. πεσεῖν, Il.13.178, etc.; [ per.] 2sg. opt.

πεσοίης Polem.Call. 10.14

; [dialect] Aeol. and [dialect] Dor.

ἔπετον Alc.60

, Pi.O.7.69, P.5.50, ([etym.] κάπετον) O.8.38, (ἐμ-) P.8.81, cf. Isyll.8, IG14.642 ([place name] Thurii); in later writers ἔπεσα, Orph.A. 521, LXX Le.9.24, al., f.l. in E.Tr. 291 ( προς-): [tense] pf.

πέπτωκα A.Eu. 147

, Ar.Ra. 970, etc.; [dialect] Ep. part. πεπτεώς, εῶτος (the εω forming one syll. by synizesis), Il.21.503, etc.; also πεπτηώς, ηυῖα, Od.14.354, Simon.183.7, Hp.Mul.1.69, A.R.4.1298, AP7.427 (Antip. Sid.), cf. πτήσσω; Trag. part.

πεπτώς S.Aj. 828

, Ant. 697. (Redupl. from πετ-, which appears in [dialect] Aeol. and [dialect] Dor. [tense] aor. ἔ-πετ-ον (v. supr.), and the poet. form πίτ-νω; cogn. with πέτομαι, q.v.)

A Radical sense, fall down, and (when intentional) cast oneself down, πρηνέα πεσεῖν, ὕπτιος πέσεν, Il.6.307, 15.435, etc.;

νιφάδες.. π. θαμειαί 12.278

;

ὀπίσω πέσεν Od.12.410

; etc.:—Constr., with Preps., in Hom. almost always ἐν.., ἐν κονίῃσι π. fall in the dust, i.e. to rise no more, Il.11.425, cf. 13.205;

ἐν αἵματι καὶ κονίῃσι πεπτεῶτας Od.22.384

; π. ἐν ἀγκοίνῃσί τινος fall into his arms, Hes.Fr.142.5; ἐν χθονὶ πεπτηώς Simon.l.c. (cf. πτήσσω)

π. ἐν δεμνίοις E.Or.35

, cf. A.Pers. 125 (lyr.) (v. infr. B. 1): rare in Prose,

π. ἐν ποταμῷ X.Ages.1.32

: c. dat. only,

πεδίῳ πέσε Il.5.82

; δεμνίοις π. E.Or.88 (s. v.l.);

π. ἐπὶ χθονί Od.24.535

;

οὐδέ οἱ ὕπνος πῖπτεν ἐπὶ βλεφάροις Hes.Fr.188.4

;

ἐπὶ γᾷ S.Ant. 134

(lyr.);

πρὸς πέδῳ E.Ba. 605

;

πρὸς ἀγκάλαις Id. Ion 962

;

ἀμφὶ σώμασίν τινων A.Ag. 326

: with a Prep. of motion first in Hes.,

Πληϊάδες π. ἐς πόντον Op. 620

; [

ποταμὸς] εἰς ἅλα Th. 791

;

εἰς ἄντλον E.Hec. 1025

(lyr.);

ἐπὶ γᾶν π. αἷμα A.Ag. 1019

(lyr.);

ἐπὶ στόμα X.Cyn.10.13

;

πρὸς οὖδας E.Hec. 405

.

2 in Hom. with Advs. of motion as well as of rest, χαμάδις π. Il.7.16, 15.714, etc.; χαμαὶ π. 4.482, cf. 14.418, etc.;

π. ἔραζε 12.156

, cf. Od.22.280.

3 with Preps. denoting the point from which one falls,

ἀπ' ὤμων χαμαὶ πέσε Il.16.803

;

ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ A.Fr.44.3

;

ἀπό τινος ὄνου Pl. Lg. 701d

;

ἐκ χειρῶν π. ἡνία Il.5.583

;

π. ἐκ νηός Od.12.417

;

πεσὼν ἐκ νηὸς ἀποφθίμην ἐνὶ πόντῳ 10.51

.

4 Geom., of perpendiculars or parts of applied figures, π. ἐπί τι fall upon, Euc.3.11, Archim.Fluit. 2.8, al., Apollon.Perg.Con.1.2; but π. ἐπί τι, ποτί τι, intersect, meet, Archim.Con.Sph.16, Spir.15; π. διά τινος pass through, Id.Con.Sph. 17;

π. κατά τινος Id.Sph.Cyl.1

Def.2;

ἐπί τι κατά τινα Apollon.Perg. Con.1.2

.

B Special usages:

I πίπτειν ἔν τισι fall violently upon, attack,

ἐνὶ νήεσσι πέσωμεν Il.13.742

(but ἐν νήεσσι πεσόντες tumbling into the ships, 2.175); ἐν βουσὶ π. S.Aj. 375 (lyr.); Ἔρως, ὃς ἐν κτήμασι π. Id.Ant. 782(lyr.); ἐπ' ἀλλήλοισι, of combatants, Hes.Sc. 379, cf. 375;

πρὸς μῆλα καὶ ποίμνας S.Aj. 1061

;

πρὸς πύλαις A.Th. 462

.

2 throw oneself down, fall down, πρὸς βρέτη θεῶν ib. 185 ;

ἀμφὶ σὸν γόνυ E.Hec. 787

; ἐς γόνατα on one's knees, of a wrestler, Simon.156 ;

ἐς τὸν ὦμον Ar.Eq. 571

.

II fall in battle,

πῖπτε δὲ λαός Il.8.67

, etc.; οἱ πεπτωκότες the fallen, X.Cyr.1.4.24 ;

νέκυες πίπτοντες Il.10.200

;

νεκροὶ περὶ νεκροῖς πεπτωκότες E.Ph. 881

;

πεσήματα.. πέπτωκε δοριπετῆ νεκρῶν Id.Andr. 653

;

π. ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων Hdt.9.67

;

ὡς.. θάμνοι πρόρριζοι πίπτουσι.., ὣς ἄρ' ὑπ' Ἀτρεΐδῃ πῖπτε κάρηνα Τρώων Il.11.157

, cf. 500, etc. ;

τὸ Περσῶν ἄνθος οἴχεται πεσόν A.Pers. 252

.

2 fall, be ruined,

δόμον δοκοῦντα κάρτα νῦν πεπτωκέναι Id.Ch. 263

, cf. Pl.Phlb.22 e;

πεσεῖν.. πτώματ' οὐκ ἀνασχετά A.Pr. 919

, cf. Pl.La. 181b ;

στάντες τ' ἐς ὀρθὸν καὶ πεσόντες ὕστερον S.OT50

; ἀβουλίᾳ, ἐξ ἀβουλίας π., Id.El. 429, 398 ;

ἀπὸ σμικροῦ κακοῦ Id.Aj. 1078

; of an army,

μεγάλα πεσόντα πρήγματα ὑπὸ ἡσσόνων Hdt.7.18

, cf. Th.2.89 ;

ὁ Ξέρξεω στρατὸς αὐτὸς ὑπ' ἑωυτοῦ ἔπιπτε Hdt.8.16

; of a city,

π. δορί E.Hec. 5

.

3 fall, sink, ἄνεμος πέσε the wind fell, Od.19.202 (but in Hes. Op. 547, Βορέαο πεσόντος is used for ἐμπεσόντος, falling on, blowing on one): metaph,

πέπτωκεν κομπάσματα A.Th. 794

, cf. S.Ant. 474 : c. dat., ταῖς ἐλπίσι πεσεῖν fail in one's hopes, Plb.1.87.1.

4 fall short, fail, Pl.Phd. 100e ; of a playwright, fail, Ar.Eq. 540.

III πίπτειν ἔκ τινος fall out of, lose a thing, unintentionally, σοι ἐκ θυμοῦ πεσέειν fall out of, lose thy favour, Il.23.595 ; ἐξ ἐλπίδων π. E.Fr.420.5 ;

τοὔμπαλιν π. φρενῶν Id.Hipp. 390

; also of set purpose, ἐξ ἀρκύων π. escape from.., A.Eu. 147 ;

ἔξω τῶν κακῶν Ar.Ra. 970

.

2 reversely, πολλὴν ἐς κακότητα π. Thgn.42 ;

εἰς ἄτην Sol.13.68

;

εἰς δουλοσύνην Id.9.4

;

ἐς δάκρυα Hdt.6.21

;

ἐς νόσον A.Pr. 478

; εἰς ἔρον, ἔριν, ὀργήν, φόβον, ἀνάγκας, E.IT 1172, Fr.578.8, Or. 696, Ph.69, Th.3.82 ; also ἐν γυιοπέδαις π. Pi.P.2.41 ;

ἐν μέσοις ἀρκυστάτοις S.El. 1476

;

ἐν φόβῳ E.Or. 1418

(lyr.) ;

ἐν σολοικισμῷ Luc.Sol.3

;

πρὸς τόλμαν S.Ichn. 11

: c. dat. only,

π. δυσπραξίαις Id.Aj. 759

;

αἰσχύνῃ Id.Tr. 597

, etc.; οὐκ ἔχω ποῖ γνώμης πέσω I know not which way to turn, ib. 705.

3 εἰς ὕπνον π. fall asleep, Id.Ph. 826 ; but

ἐν ὕπνῳ Pi.I.4(3).23

; simply ὕπνῳ, A.Eu.68.

4 π. εἰς (ἰατρικὴν) χρῆσιν to be applied to (medicinal) use, Dsc.5.19,151,al.

5 π. ὑπ' αἴσθησιν to be accessible to perception, Iamb.Comm.Math.8, in Nic.p.7 P.

IV πίπτειν μετὰ ποσσὶ γυναικός to fall between her feet, i.e. to be born, Il.19.110.

V of the dice, τὰ δεσποτῶν εὖ πεσόντα θήσομαι I shall count my master's lucky throws my own, A.Ag.32;

ἀεὶ γὰρ εὖ πίπτουσιν οἱ Διὸς κύβοι S. Fr. 895

;

ὥσπερ οἱ κύβοι· οὐ ταὔτ' ἀεὶ πίπτουσιν Alex.34

; ὥσπερ ἐν πτώσει κύβων πρὸς τὰ πεπτωκότα τίθεσθαι τὰ πράγματα according to the throws, Pl.R. 604c ; ὄνασθαι πρὸς τὰ νῦν π. E.Hipp. 718; πρὸς τὸ πῖπτον as matters fall out, Id.El. 639 ; of tossing up with oystershells,

κἂν μὲν πίπτῃσι τὰ λεύκ' ἐπάνω Pl.Com.153.5

; of lots, ὁ κλῆρος π. τινί or παρά τινα, Pl.R. 619e, 617e;

ἐπί τινα Act.Ap.1.26

: Astrol., π. καλῶς ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης Vett. Val.7.15.

2 generally, fall, turn out, εὖ πίπτειν to be lucky, E.Or. 603; παρὰ γνώμαν π. Pi.O.12.10; of a battle, καραδοκήσοντα τὴν μάχην τῇ πεσέεται to wait and see how it would fall, Hdt.7.163, cf. 8.130; λόγων κορυφαὶ ἐν ἀλαθείᾳ π. turn out true, Pi.O.7.69;

συμφοραὶ παντοῖαι πίπτουσαι παντοίως Pl.Lg. 709a

.

3 fall to one, i.e. to his lot, esp. of revenues, accrue,

τῷ δήμῳ πρόσοδος ἔπιπτε Plb.30.31.7

;

φησιν.. ἑξακισχίλια τάλαντα τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις πεσεῖν Id.2.62.1

; τὴν πεπτωκότα (sic)

μοι οἰκίαν BGU251.12

(ii A. D.);

τὰ πίπτοντα διάφορα ἐκ τῶν μυστηρίων IG5(1).1390.45

(Andania, i B. C.);

τὸ πεσὸν ἀπὸ τῆς τιμῆς ἀργύριον D.H.20.17

; to be paid,

τῶν εἰς Καίσαρα πίπτειν ὀφειλόντων ἐξεταστής Str.17.1.12

;

τὰ πεπτωκότα εἰς τὸ.. ἱερόν PEleph.10.2

(iii B. C.);

π. ἐπὶ τράπεζαν PCair.Zen.236.7

(iii B. C.), PLond.3.1200.1 (ii B. C.) ;

μὴ πιπτόντων τῶν τόκων BMus.Inscr.1032.40

([place name] Teos) ; πέπτωκεν ἁλικῆς διά τινος .. Ostr.Bodl.i3 (iii B. C.) (but τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν προσόδων πίπτοντα deficiencies, IPE12.32B 75 ([place name] Olbia)).

VI fall, of a date or period of Time,

π. κατὰ τὴν ρκθ' Ὀλυμπιάδα Plb.1.5.1

;

οἱ χρόνοι οἱ πίπτοντες ὑπὸ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἱστορίαν Id.4.2.2

.

VII fall under, belong to a class,

εἰς γένη ταῦτα Arist.Metaph. 1005a2

, al.; ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἐπιστήμην ib. 982b8 ;

ὑπὸ τὴν αὐτὴν μέθοδον Id.Top. 102a37

, cf. 151a15 ;

ὑπὸ τέχνην οὐδεμίαν Id.EN 1104a8

;

ἔξω τῶν διῃρημένων γενῶν Id.PA 681b1

;

τὸ μακάριον ἐνταῦθα πεπτωκέναι Epicur.Ep.1p.28U.

;

ὅσα πέπτωκεν ὑπὸ τὴν.. ἱστορίαν Plb.2.14.7

.

φάρμᾰκον [v. sub fin.], τό,

A drug, whether healing or noxious: in Hom. the sense is freq. determined by an epith.,

φάρμακα, πολλὰ μὲν ἐσθλὰ.., πολλὰ δὲ λυγρά Od.4.230

;

τόδε φ. ἐσθλόν 10.287

, cf. 292; φ. ἤπια, ὀδυνήφατα (v. infr. 2); κακὰ φ. ib. 213; φ. λυγρά ib. 236; φ. οὐλόμενον ib. 394;

ἀνδροφόνον 1.261

;

θυμοφθόρα φ. 2.329

; so, after Hom.,

προσανέα φ. Pi.P.3.52

;

παιώνια A.Ag. 848

;

χρήσιμον Pl.R. 382c

;

θανάσιμα Ph.Bel.103.31

;

ὀλέθριον Luc.Herm. 62

.

2 healing remedy, medicine, in Hom. mostly of those applied outwardly,

ἐπιθήσει φάρμαχ' ἅ κεν παύσῃσι μελαινάων ὀδυνάων Il.4.191

; ἐπ' ἄρ' ἤπια φάρμακα πάσσε ib. 218;

ὀδυνήφατα φ. πάσσων 5.401

, 900, cf. 11.515, 830, 15.394;

προσάλειφεν ἑκάστῳ φ. Od.10.392

;

φ. περιαλείφειν Ar.Eq. 906

; also of potions,

πιὼν φάρμακ' Od.10.326

;

φ. πεπωκώς Hdt.4.160

, cf. Pi. l. c.;

παρὰ τοῦ ἰατροῦ Pl.R. 406d

, cf. Grg. 467c;

φ. χριστόν E.Hipp. 516

;

ἔγχριστον Theoc.11.1

;

ἐπίχριστον Str.17.1.10

;

ἐπίπαστον Theoc.

l. c.;

καταπλαστόν Ar.Pl. 716

;

ποτόν E.Hipp.

l.c.; freq. in Medic. writers, Sor. 1.4, Gal.6.265, etc.; of medicines for cattle, PFlor.222.11 (iii A. D.).

b c. gen. (v. infr. 11), φ. νόσου a medicine for it, remedy against it, A.Pr. 251, 606 (lyr.);

βηχός Phryn.Com.60

: κεφαλῆς for a head-ache, Pl.Chrm. 155b;

στραγγουρίας Arist.HA 612b16

, cf. 624a16;

μέθης Amphis 37

;

δίψης AP 6.170

(Thyill.); but ὑγιείας φ. a medicine to restore or maintain health, Aristid.Or.37(2).11.

3 enchanted potion, philtre: hence, charm, spell, Od.4.220 sq., Ar.Pl. 302, Theoc.2.15, PSI1.64.20 (i B. C.);

φαρμάκοις τὸν ἄνδρ' ἔμηνεν Ar.Th. 561

; τοιαῦτα ἔχω φ. such charms have I, Hdt.3.85, cf. Apoc.9.21.

4 poison, S.Tr. 685, E.Med. 385;

πιεῖν τὸ φ. Antipho6.15

, Pl.Phd. 57a, 115a;

φάρμακα ἐσβεβληκέναι ἐς τὰ φρέατα Th.2.48

;

φ. δηλητήρια SIG37

A 1 (Teos, v B. C.);

τοξικὸν φ. BGU 21 ii 14

(iv A. D.).

5 lye for laundering, Stud.Pal.22.56.12 (iii A. D.).

II generally, remedy, cure, Hes.Op. 485, Alc.35, etc.; μεῖζον.. τῆς νόσου τὸ φ. the cure too strong for, i. e. worse than, the disease, S.Fr.589.4, cf. Com.Adesp. 455; φ. πραΰ, of a bridle, Pi.O.13.85; φ. τινι for a thing, Thgn. 1134 (pl.), Archil.9;

πρός τι Arist.Pol. 1321a16

;

ποττὸν ἔρωτα Theoc. 11.1

; but most freq. φ. τινός remedy against..

χλαῖνα.. φ. ῥίγευς Hippon.19

;

Ζεὺς πάντων φ. μοῦνος ἔχει Simon.87

;

τὸ σιγᾶν φ. βλάβης ἔχω A.Ag. 548

; φ. πόνων, λύπης, E.Ba. 283, Fr. 1079; δόλοι.. χρείας ἀνάνδρου φ. ib. 288;

φόβου Pl.Lg. 647e

; λήθης φάρμακα (of γράμματα) E.Fr.578.1; v. εὐδιανός.

2 c. gen. also, a means of producing something,

φ. σωτηρίας Id.Ph. 893

;

μνήμης καὶ σοφίας φ. Pl.Phdr. 274e

; ὑπομνήσεως ib. 275a, cf. 230d;

ἀθανασίας Antiph.86.6

;

ἡσυχίας Arist.Pol. 1273b23

; φ. μανίας, of the oil applied to wrestlers, D.L.1.104.

3 ἐπὶ θανάτῳ φ. ἑᾶς ἀρετᾶς εὑρέσθαι a remedy or consolation in his own virtue, Pi.P.4.187.

III dye, paint, colour, Emp.23.3, Hdt.1.98, A.Fr. 134, Ar.Ec. 735, Pl.R. 420c, Plt. 277c, PCair.Zen.789.13 (iii B. C.), etc.

IV chemical reagent, PLeid.X.25, PHolm.13.46, 22.10, Ps.-Democr. ap. Zos.Alch.p.160 B.; used by tanners, Sch.Ar.Eq.44, 368.—Cf. φαρμάσσω. [μᾰ; but μᾱ in φαρμακός.]

χράω (A), used in [dialect] Ep. only in [tense] aor. 2,

A fall upon, attack, assail, c. dat. pers.,

στυγερὸς δέ οἱ ἔχραε δαίμων Od.5.396

;

τίς τοι κακὸς ἔχραε δαίμων; 10.64

; so

ἠϊθέοις οὐκ ἔστι τόσος πόνος, ὁππόσος ἡμῖν.. ἔχραε AP5.296

(Agath.): cf. ἐπιχράω (B).

II c. acc. rei, inflict upon a person,

κακὸν δέ οἱ ἔχραε κοῖτον Nic.Th. 315

.

III c. inf., conceive a desire to.., τίπτε σὸς υἱὸς ἐμὸν ῥόον ἔχραε κήδειν ἐξ ἄλλων; why did he want (or needed he) to vex my stream of all others? Il.21.369; μνηστῆρες.., οἳ τόδε δῶμα ἐχράετ' ἐσθιέμεν καὶ πινέμεν ye suitors.., who have become so eager to.., Od.21.69. (For signfs. 1, 11, cf. ζαχρηής; for 111 perh. cf. χρή, κέχρημαι ( χράω (B) C), χρῇ, χρῇς.)

------------------------------------

χράω (B). A. FORMS: [var] contr.

A

χρῇ S.El.35

, [dialect] Ion.

χρᾷ Hdt.1.62

(also Luc.DMort.3.2); inf.

χρᾶν Hdt.8.135

(also Luc.Alex.19); [dialect] Ion. part.

χρέων h.Ap. 253

, fem.

χρέωσα Hdt.7.111

; [dialect] Ep.

χρείων Od.8.79

, h.Ap. 396: [tense] impf.

ἔχραον Pi.O.7.92

(v.l. ἔχρεον), A.R.2.454; [ per.] 3sg.

ἔχρη Tyrt.3.3

, Hermesian.7.89, ([etym.] ἐξ-) S.OC87: [tense] fut.

χρήσω h.Ap. 132

, Hdt.1.19, A.Ag. 1083: [tense] aor.

ἔχρησα Hdt.4.156

, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

ἐχρήσθην Id.1.49

, etc.: [tense] pf. κέχρησμαι (v.l. κέχρημαι) Id.4.164, 7.141: [tense] plpf. ἐκέχρηστο (v.l. ἐκέχρητο) Id.2.147, 151, 3.64, etc.:—[voice] Med.,

χρῶμαι Th.1.126

, etc., [dialect] Ion.

χρέομαι Hdt.

, inf.

χρέεσθαι 1.157

( χρᾶσθαι ib. 172); part.

χρεώμενος 4.151

: [tense] impf. [ per.] 3pl. ἐχρέωντο (v.l. ἐχρέοντο) 4.157, 5.82: [tense] fut.

χρήσομαι Od.10.492

, etc.

I in [voice] Act. of the gods and their oracles, proclaim, abs.,

χρείων μυθήσατο Φοῖβος 8.79

:

χρείων ἐκ δάφνης γυάλων ὕπο Παρνησοῖο h.Ap. 396

: c. acc. rei, χρήσω ἀνθρώποισι Διὸς βουλήν ib. 132, cf. Thgn.807, Pi.l.c., Plot.2.9.9;

ἡ Πυθίη οἱ χρᾷ τάδε Hdt.1.55

, cf. 4.155; χρῆσεν οἰκιστῆρα Βάττον proclaimed him the colonizer, Pi.P.4.6; also in Trag.,

ὁ χρήσας A. Eu. 798

;

χρήσειν ἔοικεν ἀμφὶ τῶν αὑτῆς κακῶν Id.Ag. 1083

;

χρῇ μοι τοιαῦθ' ὁ Φοῖβος S.El.35

;

σοὶ δ' οὐκ ἔχρησεν οὐδέν E.Hec. 1268

;

χ. φόνον Id.El. 1267

: also c. acc. cogn.,

χ. χρησμόν Id.Ph. 409

;

ὑμνῳδίαν Id. Ion 681

(lyr.): c. inf., warn or direct by oracle,

ἔχρησας ὥστε τὸν ξένον μητροκτονεῖν A.Eu. 202

; without ὥστε, ib. 203; χρήσαντ' ἐμοὶ.. ἐκτὸς αἰτίας κακῆς εἶναι that I should be.., Id.Ch. 1030; c. inf. [tense] aor., Ar. V. 159: rare in [dialect] Att. Prose,

τάδε ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἔχρησεν IG12.80.10

;

τὸν Ἀπόλλω ταύτην τὴν γῆν χρῆσαι οἰκεῖν Th.2.102

;

τοῦ θεοῦ χρήσαντος Id.5.32

, cf. Lycurg.99;

ἔχρησεν ὁ θεός SIG1044.5

(Halic., iv/iii B. C.);

ὁ θεὸς ἔχρησε IG42(1).122.78

(Epid., iv B. C.).

II [voice] Pass., to be declared, proclaimed by an oracle,

τίς οὖν ἐχρήσθη; E. Ion 792

; mostly of the oracle delivered,

τὰ ἐκ Δελφῶν οὕτω τῷ Κροίσῳ ἐχρήσθη Hdt.1.49

;

τὰ χρηστήρια ταῦτά σφι ἐχρήσθη Id.9.94

;

ἠπίως χρησθῆναι Id.7.143

; τὸ χρησθέν, τὰ χρησθέντα, the response, Id.1.63, 7.178;

ἐν Πυθῶνι χρησθὲν παλαίφατον Pi.O.2.39

;

πεύθου τὰ χρησθέντ' S.OT 604

; χρησθὲν αὐτῷ ἐν Νεμέᾳ τοῦτο παθεῖν since it was foretold him by an oracle that.. Th.3.96; ἃ τοῦδ' ἐχρήσθη σώματος which were declared about it, S.OC 355;

τὸν κεχρησμένον θάνατον Hdt.4.164

(- χρημ- codd.);

τοῦ κακοῦ τοῦ κεχρησμένου Id.7.141

(v.l. -χρημ-): impers., c. inf., καί σφι ἐχρήσθη ἀνέμοισι εὔχεσθαι ib. 178: c. acc. et inf.,

ἐκέχρηστό σφι.. τοῦτον βασιλεύσειν Id.2.147

; c. inf. [tense] aor., Id.7.220.

III [voice] Med., of the person to whom the response is given, consult a god or oracle, c. dat.,

ψυχῇ χρησόμενος Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο Od.10.492

, 565; χ. θεῷ, χρηστηρίοισι, μαντηΐῳ, Hdt.1.47, 53, 157;

τῷ θεῷ Aeschin.3.124

;

χ. μάντεσι Μούσαις Ar.Av. 724

(anap.), cf. Pl. Lg. 686a;

ὅσοι μαντικὴν νομίζοντες οἰωνοῖς χρῶνται X.Mem.1.1.3

; χ. χρηστηρίῳ εἰ .. inquire at the oracle whether.., Hdt.3.57: abs.,

ὑπέρβη λάϊνον οὐδὸν χρησόμενος Od.8.81

, cf. h.Ap. 252, 292;

ἀπέστειλε ἄλλους χρησομένους Hdt.1.46

; οἱ χρώμενοι the consulters, E.Ph. 957;

χρωμένῳ ἐν Δελφοῖς Th.1.126

; also

χ. περὶ τοῦ πολέμου Hdt.7.220

, cf. 1.85, 4.150, 155, etc.;

κεχρημένος

having inquired of an oracle,

Arist.Rh. 1398b33

: c. inf., σωφρονεῖν κεχρημένον being divinely warned to be temperate, A.Pers. 829, cf. Marcellin.Vit. Thuc.6: later simply, receive a divine revelation, Plot.5.3.14.—Hom. has the word in this sense only in Od.: the [voice] Act. only in [tense] pres. part. χρείων ([tense] fut.

χρήσω h.Ap. 132

): the [voice] Med. only in part. [tense] fut. χρησόμενος.

B furnish with a thing, in which sense the [tense] pres. was [full] κίχρημι, D.53.12, Plu.Pomp.29; Cret. [ per.] 3sg.

κίγχρητι Inscr.Cret.1 xxiii 3

(Phaestus, ii B. C.); Delph. [ per.] 3sg. [tense] pres. subj.

κιχρῇ Schwyzer 324.17

(iv B. C.): [tense] aor. χρέη ib.13; [tense] pres. part. κιχρέντε ib.adn. (rarely [full] χρηννύναι, [full] χρηννύω, Thphr.Char.5.10, 10.13: [voice] Med.,

χρηννυόμεθα PCair.Zen. 304.4

(iii B. C.)): [tense] fut.

χρήσω Hdt.3.58

: [tense] aor. ἔχρησα ibid., 6.89, Ar. Th. 219, X.Mem.3.11.18, Lys.19.24, IG12.108.16, etc. ([ per.] 3sg. written

ἔκχρησεν IG12(3).1350.4

([place name] Thera)); imper.

χρῆσον Ar.Ra. 1159

, Pl. Com.205: [tense] pf.

κέχρηκα Men.461

, 598, Plb.29.21.6 ( = D.S.31.10): [tense] plpf.

ἐκεχρήκει App.BC2.29

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf. κέχρημαι ([etym.] δια-) D.27.11:—[voice] Med., [tense] pres.

κίχρᾰμαι Plu.2.534b

; inf.

κίχρασθαι Thphr.Char.30.20

: [tense] impf.

ἐκιχράμην AP9.584.10

: [tense] aor. ἐχρησάμην, imper.

χρῆσαι E.El. 191

(lyr.), etc.:— furnish the use of a thing, i.e. lend, usu. in a friendly way, δανείζω being the word applied to usurers (but χ. = δανείζω in Antipho Soph.54), ll. cc.;

οὐ δεδωκώς, ἀλλὰ χρήσας Arist.EN 1162b33

, cf. LXX Ex.11.3;

ἡ πειρατικὴ δύναμις χρήσασα ταῖς βασιλικαῖς ὑπηρεσίαις ἑαυτήν Plu.Pomp.24

;

χ. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σχολήν τισι Id.Phil. 13

; χ. τὰν χέρα, in the formula of manumission, IG9(1).189, 194 ([place name] Tithora):—[voice] Med., borrow, τι E.El. 191 (lyr.), Thphr.Char.30.20: abs.,

χρησαμένη γὰρ ἔνησα καὶ οὐκ ἔχω ἀνταποδοῦναι Batr.186

; πόδας χρήσας, ὄμματα χρησάμενος having lent feet and borrowed eyes, of a blind man carrying a lame one, AP9.13 (Pl.Jun.), cf. Pl.Demod. 384b, 384c.

II = χρηματίζω 111,

τοῦ χρέοντος γραμματέως CIG2562.18

(s. v. l., Hierapytna).

------------------------------------

χράομαι. (See also χράω)

C [voice] Med. [full] χράομαι, [dialect] Att. [full] χρῶμαι, χρῇ prob. in Pl.Hp.Mi. 369a,

χρῆται Ar.V. 1028

(anap.), etc. (also Trag., A.Ag. 953), χρώμεθα, χρῆσθε, χρῶνται, And.4.6, Pl.La. 194c, Th.1.70, etc.; [dialect] Dor. [full] χρέομαι Sophr.126; [dialect] Ion.

χρᾶται Hdt.1.132

, al. (so in later Prose, Iamb. in Nic.p.28 P.); χρέεται v.l. in Hdt.4.50;

χρέονται Hp.

Aër.1;

χρέωνται Hdt.1.34

, 4.108, al.;

χρείωνται Heraclit.104

; opt.

χρῴμην, χρῷο Pl. Cri. 45b

,

χρῷτο Gorg.Fr.20

, etc.; [dialect] Ion.

χρέοιτο Hp.Acut.56

; imper.

χρῶ Democr.270

, Ar.Th. 212, Isoc.1.34, [dialect] Ion.

χρέο Hp.Steril.230

, Hdt. 1.155 (v.l. χρέω, as in Hp.Acut. (Sp.) 62); [ per.] 3sg. [dialect] Dor.

χρηείσθω SIG 1009.7

(Chalcedon, iii/ii B. C.); [ per.] 2pl.

χρῆσθε And.1.11

; [ per.] 3pl.

χρήσθων Ar.Nu. 439

(s. v.l.; v. infr.111.4b), Th.5.18;

χρώσθων IG12.122.5

; [dialect] Dor.

χρόνσθω Mnemos.57.208

(Argos, vi B. C.); inf. [dialect] Att. and [dialect] Ion.

χρῆσθαι IG12.57.19

, Ar.Av. 1040, Lys.25.20, SIG57.5 (Milet., v B. C.), IG12(5).593 A12 (Ceos, v B. C.); [dialect] Ion. and Hellenistic

χρᾶσθαι Hdt. 2.15

, 3.20, al., IG12(5).606.9 (Ceos, iv/iii B. C.), SIG344.50 (Teos, iv B. C.), 1106.80 (Cos, iv/iii B. C.), PCair.Zen.299.10 (iii B. C.), OGI214.19 (Didyma, iii B. C.), IG22.1325.24 (both forms in Phld.Rh.1.66S. and Ph.Bel.,

χρῆσθαι 57.35

, al.,

χρᾶσθαι 53.49

, al.), [dialect] Ion. χρέεσθαι as v.l. for χρῆσθαι Hdt.1.21, 187, al. ( χρῆσθαι ib. 153 codd.), so in Arc., IG5 (2).514.14 (Lycosura, ii B. C.), Elean

χρηῆσται Inscr.Olymp.1.3

(vii/vi B. C.), [dialect] Boeot.

χρειεῖσθη IG7.3169

(Orchom., iii B. C.); [dialect] Locr. and [dialect] Lacon.

χρῆσται IG9(1).334.19

, 23 (Oeanthea, v B. C.), 5(1).1317.8 (Thalamae, iv/iii B. C.); part. [dialect] Att.

χρώμενος A.Eu. 655

, IG12.81.6, etc.; [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion.

χρεώμενος Il.23.834

(as a dactyl), Hdt.2.108, Hp.Acut.18, [dialect] Dor.

χρείμενος SIG395.4

, 438.11 (both Delph., iii B. C.), Berl.Sitzb.1927.156 ([place name] Cyrene),

χρήμενος Riv.Fil.58.472

(Gortyn, iii B. C.),

χρεύμενος SIG1166.3

([place name] Dodona): [tense] impf. [dialect] Att.

ἐχρώμην Antipho 5.63

,

ἐχρῶ Ar.Ra. 111

, And.1.49,

ἐχρῆτο Th.1.130

, etc.; pl.,

ἐχρώμεθα Lys.Fr.29

,

ἐχρῶντο Antipho 6.28

, etc.; [dialect] Ion.

ἐχρᾶτο Hdt.2.173

(v.l. -ῆτο), 3.3, 129, al. (also found in Anaxipp.1.9 codd.Ath.),

ἐχρέωντο Hdt.2.108

, al.: but

ἐχρῆτο 3.41

codd., Herod.6.55, ([etym.] προς-) Hp.Epid.3.17.ά: [tense] fut.

χρήσομαι S.Ph. 1133

(lyr.), etc.; also

κεχρήσομαι Theoc.16.73

: [tense] aor.

ἐχρησάμην S.OT 117

, Th.5.7, al.: [tense] pf. κέχρημαι (v. infr. 1): [tense] aor. ἐχρήσθην in pass. sense (v. infr. vii):—in [tense] pf. κέχρημαι (with [tense] pres. sense) c. gen., desire, yearn after, the usual sense in [dialect] Ep., οὔτ' εὐνῆς πρόφασιν κεχρημένος (sc. αὐτῆς)

οὔτε τευ ἄλλου Il.19.262

;

νόστου κεχρημένον ἠδὲ γυναικός Od.1.13

;

κομιδῆς κεχρημένοι ἄνδρες 14.124

, cf. 17.421, 20.378, 22.50;

μαντοσυνεων κεχρημένοι Emp.112.10

.

2 to be in want of, lack,

τοῦ κεχρημένοι; S.Ph. 1264

, cf. E.IA 382 (troch.); [

βορᾶς] κεχρημένοι Id.Cyc.98

;

οὐ πόνων κεχρήμεθα Id.Med. 334

;

τίνος κέχρησθε, γυναῖκες; Theoc.26.18

: [tense] fut.,

ὃς ἐμεῦ κεχρήσετ' ἀοιδοῦ Id.16.73

; χρήσομεθα εἰς τὰ ἔργα καὶ ὁδοῦ.. καὶ ὕδατος we shall need.., SIG1182.12 (Ephes., iii B. C.): freq. abs. in part. κεχρημένος, lacking, needy, Od.14.155, 17.347, Hes.Op. 317, 500, E.Supp. 327, Pl.Lg. 717c: but κεχρηόσι δαίτης is f.l. for κεχαρηόσι in Nic.Fr.70.18.

3 [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf. κέχρημαι, κεχρήμην, in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf. sense, c. dat., enjoy, have, φρεσὶ γὰρ κέχρητ' ἀγαθῇσι ([etym.] ν) Od.3.266, 14.421, 16.398; αὕτη (sc. ἡ χώρη)

ὕδασι κάλλιστα κέχρηται Hp.

Aër.12; ἡ καταδεεστέροις τούτοις (sc. τοῖς εἴδεσι)

κεχρημένη τραγῳδία Arist.Po. 1450a32

, cf. a13, b33; ἄλλαις, μικραῖς διαφοραῖς, Id.Metaph. 1042b31, Phgn. 809a8; ὑγροτέραις σαρξί ib. b11; θριξὶ ξανθαῖς ib.25;

καθαρωτάτῳ.. αἵματι Id.Resp. 477a21

; τῶν.. πλαγίαις ταῖς ῥάβδοις κεχρημένων (sc. ἰχθύων) Id.Fr. 295;

εὐγενείᾳ κεχρημένος IG42(1).83.10

(Epid., i A. D.);

σφαιρικῷ ὄγκῳ PLit.Lond.167.25

(ii/iii A. D.), cf. κεχρημένως ([place name] Addenda); so in [tense] pres.,

χρῶνται δειλαῖς φρεσὶ, δαίμονι δ' ἐσθλῷ Thgn.161

; μέρη

τραγῳδίας, οἷς ὡς εἴδεσι δεῖ χρῆσθαι, πρότερον εἴπομεν Arist.Po. 1452b14

, cf. 1458b14.

II use, [tense] pres. once in Hom., abs.,

ἑξει μιν καὶ πέντε περιπλομένους ἐνιαυτοὺς χρεώμενος Il.23.834

: later mostly c. dat. (for acc. v. infr. VI),

ἀκμαζούσῃ τῇ ῥώμῃ τῶν χειρῶν χρώμενος Antipho 4.3.3

;

ἐσθῆτι τοιῇδε χρέωνται Hdt.1.195

, cf. 202, Ar.Ra. 1061 (anap.);

διφασίοισι γράμμασι χ. Hdt.2.36

; τοῖσιοὐνόμασι τῶν θεῶν ib.52; πλατυτέροισι ἐχρέωντο τοῖσι πόμασι, ἐκ φρεάτων χρεώμενοι ib. 108; τοῖσι ἐποποιοῖσι χρεώμενον λέγειν ib. 120; ὅστις ἐμπύρῳ χρῆται τέχνῃ consults burnt offerings, E.Ph. 954; χ. ἀργυρίῳ make use of money, Pl.R. 333b;

ἀργύρῳ Ar.Ec. 822

; χ. ἵπποις manage them, X.Smp.2.10; χ. ἰχθύσι use for food, Plu.2.668f; οἴνῳ χ. ἐπὶ πλέον ib.715d; χ. ναυτιλίῃσι, θαλάσσῃ, Hdt.2.43, Th.1.3;

ὠνῇ καὶ πρήσι Hdt.1.153

;

δρασμῷ Aeschin.3.21

;

τέχναις X.Mem.3.10.1

, Oec.4.4;

τῇ τέχνῃ POxy.1029.25

(ii A. D.); χρώμενοι τῇ πόλει taking a part in politics, E. Ion 602;

ἐκκλησίαισιν ἦν ὅτ' οὐκ ἐχρώμεθα Ar.Ec. 183

; ἄλλον τρόπον τῇ πολιτείᾳ κέχρημαι, = πεπολίτευμαι, Hyp.Eux.28;

φωνὴν δυναμένην ὄχλῳ χρῆσθαι Isoc.5.81

; τῇ τραπέζῃ τῇ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐχρῆτο he had dealings with my father's bank, D.52.3; χ. τοῖς πράγμασι καὶ τοῖς καιροῖς administer them, Isoc.6.50.

III experience, suffer, be subject to, esp. external events or conditions,

δάμαρτος 'Ιππολύτας Ἀκάστου δολίαις τέχναισι χρησάμενος

having experienced,

Pi.N.4.58

;

κείμεθ' ἀγηράντῳ χρώμενοι εὐλογίῃ Simon.100.4

;

νιφετῷ Hdt.4.50

;

στίβῃ καὶ νιφετῷ Call.Epigr.33.3

;

χειμῶνι Antipho 5.21

, D.18.194;

λαίλαπι AP7.503

(Leon.); στυγεροῖς πνεύμασι Epigr. ap. D.S.13.41 (iv B. C.);

ἀνάγκῃ Antipho 5.22

;

οἰκεῖα πράγματ' εἰσάγων, οἷς χρώμεθ', οἷς σύνεσμεν Ar.Ra. 959

;

γυναικῶν τῶν τοῖς τόκοις χρωμένων πλείοσιν Arist.HA 582a24

;

ἀπεψίαις χ. IG42(1).126.4

(Epid., ii A. D.);

ἑκὼν.. οὐδεὶς δουλίῳ χρῆται ζυγῷ A.Ag. 953

; νόμοισι χ. live under laws, Hdt. 1.173, 216, cf. IG9(1).334.19 ([dialect] Locr., v B. C.);

νόμοις τοῖς ἰδίοις Riv.Fil.58.472

(Gortyn, iii B. C.);

ἀνομίᾳ X.Mem.1.2.24

;

γαλανείᾳ χρησάμενοι μανιάδων οἴστρων E.IA 546

(lyr.); χ. εὐμαρείᾳ to be at ease, S.Tr. 193 (but, ease oneself, Hdt.2.35);

συντυχίῃ χ. Id.5.41

;

τύχῃ E.Heracl. 714

, And.1.67, 120;

πολλῇ εὐτυχίᾳ Pl.Men. 72a

; πολλῇ τῇ νίκῃ χρῆται, = παρὰ πολὺ νικᾷ, And.4.31;

συμφορῇ κεχρημένος Hdt.1.42

, cf. E.Med. 347;

τοιούτῳ μόρῳ ἐχρήσατο ὁ παῖς Hdt. 1.117

; θείῃ πομπῇ χρεώμενος divinely sent, ib.62; of mental conditions present in the subject, τῷ χόλῳ χρέομαι I feel anger, Sophr. 126;

λογισάμενος ἢν εὑρίσκῃ πλέω τε καὶ μέζω τὰ ἀδικήματα ἐόντα τῶν ὑποργημάτων, οὕτω τῷ θυμῷ χρᾶται Hdt.1.137

; μὴ πάντα θυμῷ χρέο ib. 155;

ὀργῇ χρωμένη S.OT 1241

;

ὀργῇ μεγάλῃ μοι ἐχρήσω LXX Jb.10.17

, cf. 19.11, al.; ἀγνωμοσύνῃ χρησάμενοι ἀπέστησαν they stiffened their necks and.. Hdt.5.83; οἴησις γάρ, καὶ μάλιστα ἐν ἰητρικῇ, αἰτίην μὲντοῖσι κεχρημένοισιν, ὄλεθρον δὲ τοῖσι χρεωμένοισι ἐπιφέρει vanity brings blame on its possessor (or victim) and ruin on those who consult him, Hp Decent.4;

πολλῇ ἀνοίᾳ χρώμενος Antipho 3.3.2

;

ἀμαθίᾳ πλέονι.. χρῆσθε Th.1.68

;

ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις μείζοσιν ἢ κατὰ τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν οὐσίαν ἐχρῆτο Id.6.15

;

φθόνῳ καὶ διαβολῇ χ. Pl.Ap. 18d

;

οὺ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ ἁμαρτίᾳ ἀλλὰ τῇ τοῦ πατάξαντος χρησάμενος ἀπέθανεν Antipho 4.3.4

;

τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασι παραπλησίοις ἐχρήσαντο Isoc.8.104

;

μή τι ἄρα τῇ ἐλαφρίᾳ ἐχρησάμην; 2 Ep.Cor.1.17

.

2 with verbal nouns. periphr. for the verb derived from the noun, ἀληθέϊ λόγῳ χ. use true speech, i.e. speak the truth, Hdt.1.14; ἀληθείῃ χ. ib. 116, 7.101; βοῇ χ. set up a cry, Id.4.134; τοιούτῳ πράγματι οὐ κέχρησαι, = οὐδὲν τοιοῦτο ἔπραξας, Hyp.Eux.11; δαψιλέϊ τῷ ποτῷ (fort. πότῳ)

χρησαμένους Hdt.2.121

.δ'; ἐσόδῳ χρέο πυκνῶς visit often, Hp.Decent.13;

ἡ σελήνη.. διὰ παντὸς τῇ ἴσῃ παραυξήσει καὶ μειώσει χρῆται Gem.18.16

.

3 c. dupl. dat., use as so and so,

τοῖς ἀγαθοῖσιν.. χ. πρὸς τὰ κακὰ ἀλκῇ Democr.173

;

μιᾷ πόλει ταύτῃ χ. Th.2.15

;

χ. τῷ σίτῳ ὄψῳ ἢ τῷ ὄψῳ σίτῳ X.Mem.3.14.4

.

4 χ. τισιν ἔς τι use for an end or purpose, Hdt.1.34;

πρός τι X.Oec.11.13

;

ἐπί τι Id.Mem.1.2.9

; ἀμφί or περί τι, Id.Oec.9.6, An.3.5.10; with neut. Adj. or Pron. as Adv., τάδε [τῷ ἀμφιβλήστρῳ] χ. makes the following use of the net, Hdt.2.95;

χρέωνται οὐδὲν ἐλαίῳ Id.1.193

; χρυσῷ καὶ χαλκῷ τὰ πάντα χρέωνται ib. 215; λογισμῷ ἐλάχιστα χ., πλεῖστα ἀρετῇ χ., Th.2.11, 5.105; τί χρήσεταί ποτ' αὐτῷ; what use will he make of him? Ar.Ach. 935, cf. X.An.1.3.18;

χ. τἀνδρὶ τοῖς τ' ἐμοῖς λόγοις S.Tr.60

;

ἠπορούμην ὅ τι χρησαίμην τῇ τούτου παρανομίᾳ Lys.3.10

.

b treat, deal with,

παραδίδωμι χρᾶσθαι αὐτῷ τοῦτο ὅ τι σὺ βούλεαι Hdt.1.210

, cf. Ar.Nu. 439 (anap.; fort. delendum χρήσθων), Isoc.12.107; εἰ τύχοι (sc. γυνὴ)

μὴ ἐπιτηδεία γενομένη, τί χρὴ τῇ συμφορᾷ χρῆσθαι; Antipho Soph.49

; ἀπορέων ὅ τι χρήσηται τῷ παρεόντι πρήγματι not knowing what to make of it, Hdt.7.213;

ἠπόρει ὅτι χρήσαιτο Pl.Prt. 321c

;

οὐκ ἂν ἔχοις ὅτι χρῷο σαυτῷ Id.Cri. 45b

; in elliptical phrases,

τί οὖν χρησώμεθα; Id.Ly. 213c

;

Θηβαίους ἔχοντες.. τί χρήσεσθε; D.8.74

: c. dat. et acc. cogn.,

χρωμένους τῷ κτείναντι χρείαν ἣν ἂν ἐθέλωσι Pl.Lg. 868b

, cf. 785b, Clit. 407e.

IV of persons, χρῆσθαί τινι ὡς .. treat him as..,

χ. τινὶ ὡς ἀνδρὶ ψεύστῃ Hdt.7.209

; χ. [τισὶν] ὡς πολεμίοις, ὡς φίλοις καὶ πιστοῖς, treat as friends or enemies, regard them as such, Th.1.53, X.Cyr.4.2.8; so

φιλικώτερον χρῆσθαί τισι Id.Mem.4.3.12

;

ὑβριστικῶς χ. τισί D.56.12

; also without

ὡς, ἔμοιγε χρώμενος διδασκάλῳ A.Pr. 324

, cf. Heraclit.104;

ὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ E.Alc. 801

;

οὐ σφόδρα ἐχρώμην Αυκίνῳ φίλῳ Antipho 5.63

;

πλείστοις καὶ δεινοτάτοις ἐχροῖς χ. And.4.2

;

ἀσθενέσι χ. πολεμίοις X.Cyr.3.2.4

.

b χρῆσθαί τινι (without φίλῳ) to be intimate with a man, X.Hier.5.2, Mem.4.8.11;

χρῆσθαι καὶ συνεῖναί τισι And.1.49

; ἀνάγκη, ὃς ἂν γένηται (sc. παῖς, son), τούτῳ χρῆσθαι one must put up with the son that is born, Democr.277: ἰητρῷ μὴ χρωμένους not consulting a doctor, Hp. de Arte5 (so c. dat. et acc., ἐσιέναι παρὰ βασιλέα μηδένα, δι' ἀγγέλων δὲ πάντα χρᾶσθαι (sc. αὐτῷ) deal with him in everything by messengers, Hdt.1.99); so Πλάτωνι, Ξενοφῶντι, χ. use, study their writings, Plu.2.79d: abs.,

οἱ χρώμενοι

friends,

X.Ages.11.13

, Mem.2.6.5, Isoc.6.44.

2 esp. of sexual intercourse,

γυναιξὶ ἐχρᾶτο Hdt.2.181

, cf. X.Mem.1.2.29, 2.1.30, Is.3.10, D.59.67.

3 χρῆσθαι ἑαυτῷ make use ofoneself or one's powers, with a part.,

οὐδ' ὑγιαίνοντι χρώμενος ἑαυτῷ Plu.Nic.17

;

αὑτῷ νήφοντι χ. Id.Eum.16

: so with an Adv.,

χ. ἑαντῷ πρὸς τοὺς κινδύνους ἀφειδῶς Id.Alex.45

; παρέχειν ἑαυτὸν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς χρῆσθαι place oneself at the disposal of another, X.Cyr.1.2.13, cf. 8.1.5.

V abs., or with Adv., χρῶνται Πέρσαι οὕτω so the Persians are wont to do, such is their custom. ib.4.3.23.

VI in later Gk. ( τῷ μεγαλόφρονι shd. be read for τὸ μεγαλόφρον in X.Ages.11.11) c. acc. rei,

χ. τὰ ἀπὸ λιμένων.. εἰς διοίκησιν τῆς πόλεως Arist.Oec. 1350a7

; [θησαυρὸν] χρησάμενοι (v.l. κτησάμενοι) LXXWi.7.14;

οἱ χρώμενοι τὸν κόσμον ὡς μὴ καταχρώμενοι 1 Ep.Cor.7.31

;

ἄνηθον μετ' ἐλαίου χρήσασθαι IG42(1).126.27

(Epid., ii A. D.);

ὕδωρ χρῶ PTeb.273.28

(ii/iii A. D.):— for Hdt.1.99, v. supr. IV. 1b.

VII [voice] Pass., to be used, esp. in [tense] aor., αἱ δὲ (sc. αἱ νέες)

οὐκ ἐχρήσθησαν Hdt.7.144

; τέως ἂν χρησθῇ so long as it be in use, D.21.16; [

σιδήρου τοῦ] χρησθέντος εἰς τύλους Supp.Epigr.4.447.48

(Didyma, ii B. C.); Hsch. also has χρησθήσεται· χρησιμεύσει:—v. supr. A.11.

D for χρή, v. sub voc. (Origin and historical order of the forms and senses not clear: χρή and χρῄζω are cogn.)

ὁ, ἡ, τό pl. οἱ, αἱ, τά article, derived fr. a demonstrative pronoun, ‘the’. Since the treatment of the inclusion and omission of the art. belongs to the field of grammar, the lexicon can limit itself to exhibiting the main features of its usage. It is difficult to set hard and fast rules for the employment of the art., since the writer’s style had special freedom of play here—Kühner-G. I p. 589ff; B-D-F §249–76; Mlt. 80–84; Rob. 754–96; W-S. §17ff; Rdm.² 112–18; Abel §28–32; HKallenberg, RhM 69, 1914, 642ff; FVölker, Syntax d. griech. Papyri I, Der Artikel, Progr. d. Realgymn. Münster 1903; FEakin, AJP 37, 1916, 333ff; CMiller, ibid. 341ff; EColwell, JBL 52, ’33, 12–21 (for a critique s. Mlt-H.-Turner III 183f); ASvensson, D. Gebr. des bestimmten Art. in d. nachklass. Epik ’37; RFink, The Syntax of the Greek Article ’53; JRoberts, Exegetical Helps, The Greek Noun with and without the Article: Restoration Qtly 14, ’71, 28–44; HTeeple, The Greek Article with Personal Names in the Synoptic Gospels: NTS 19, ’73, 302–17; Mussies 186–97.

① this one, that one, the art. funct. as demonstrative pronoun

ⓐ in accordance w. epic usage (Hes., Works 450: ἡ=this [voice]) in the quot. fr. Arat., Phaenom. 5 τοῦ γὰρ καὶ γένος ἐσμέν for we are also his (lit. this One’s) offspring Ac 17:28.

ⓑ ὁ μὲν … ὁ δέ the one … the other (Polyaenus 6, 2, 1 ὁ μὲν … ὁ δὲ … ὁ δε; PSI 512, 21 [253 B.C.]); pl. οἱ μὲν … οἱ δέ (PSI 341, 9 [256 B.C.]; TestJob 29:1) some … others w. ref. to a noun preceding: ἐσχίσθη τὸ πλῆθος … οἱ μὲν ἦσαν σὺν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, οἱ δὲ σὺν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις Ac 14:4; 17:32; 28:24; 1 Cor 7:7; Gal 4:23; Phil 1:16f. Also without such a relationship expressed τοὺς μὲν ἀποστόλους, τοὺς δὲ προφήτας, τοὺς δὲ εὐαγγελιστάς Eph 4:11. οἱ μὲν … ὁ δέ Hb 7:5f, 20f. οἱ μὲν … ἄλλοι (δέ) J 7:12. οἱ μὲν … ἄλλοι δὲ … ἕτεροι δέ Mt 16:14. τινὲς … οἱ δέ Ac 17:18 (cp. Pla., Leg. 1, 627a; 2, 658 B.; Aelian, VH 2, 34; Palaeph. 6, 5).—Mt 26:67; 28:17 οἱ δέ introduces a second class; just before this, instead of the first class, the whole group is mentioned (cp. X., Hell. 1, 2, 14, Cyr. 3, 2, 12; KMcKay, JSNT 24, ’85, 71f)= but some (as Arrian, Anab. 5, 2, 7; 5, 14, 4; Lucian, Tim. 4 p. 107; Hesych. Miles. [VI A.D.]: 390 Fgm. 1, 35 end Jac.).

ⓒ To indicate the progress of the narrative, ὁ δέ, οἱ δέ but he, but they (lit. this one, they) is also used without ὁ μέν preceding (likew. Il. 1, 43; Pla., X.; also Clearchus, Fgm. 76b τὸν δὲ εἰπεῖν=but this man said; pap examples in Mayser II/1, 1926, 57f) e.g. Mt 2:9, 14; 4:4; 9:31; Mk 14:31 (cp. Just., A II, 2, 3). ὁ μὲν οὖν Ac 23:18; 28:5. οἱ μὲν οὖν 1:6; 5:41; 15:3, 30.—JO’Rourke, Paul’s Use of the Art. as a Pronoun, CBQ 34, ’72, 59–65.

② the, funct. to define or limit an entity, event, or state

ⓐ w. nouns

α. w. appellatives, or common nouns, where, as in Pla., Thu., Demosth. et al., the art. has double significance, specific or individualizing, and generic.

א. In its individualizing use it focuses attention on a single thing or single concept, as already known or otherwise more definitely limited: things and pers. that are unique in kind: ὁ ἥλιος, ἡ σελήνη, ὁ οὐρανός, ἡ γῆ, ἡ θάλασσα, ὁ κόσμος, ἡ κτίσις, ὁ θεός (BWeiss [s. on θεός, beg.]), ὁ διάβολος, ὁ λόγος (J 1:1, 14), τὸ φῶς, ἡ σκοτία, ἡ ζωή, ὁ θάνατος etc. (but somet. the art. is omitted, esp. when nouns are used w. preps.; B-D-F §253, 1–4; Rob. 791f; Mlt-Turner 171). ἐν συναγωγῇ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ J 18:20.—Virtues, vices, etc. (contrary to Engl. usage): ἡ ἀγάπη, ἡ ἀλήθεια, ἡ ἁμαρτία, ἡ δικαιοσύνη, ἡ σοφία et al.—The individualizing art. stands before a common noun that was previously mentioned (without the art.): τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους Lk 9:16 (after πέντε ἄρτοι vs. 13). τὸ βιβλίον 4:17b (after βιβλίον, vs. 17a), τοὺς μάγους Mt 2:7 (after μάγοι, vs. 1). J 4:43 (40); 12:6 (5); 20:1 (19:41); Ac 9:17 (11); Js 2:3 (2); Rv 15:6 (1).—The individ. art. also stands before a common noun which, in a given situation, is given special attention as the only or obvious one of its kind (Hipponax [VI B.C.] 13, 2 West=D.³ 16 ὁ παῖς the [attending] slave; Diod S 18, 29, 2 ὁ ἀδελφός=his brother; Artem. 4, 71 p. 245, 19 ἡ γυνή=your wife; ApcEsdr 6:12 p. 31, 17 μετὰ Μωσῆ … ἐν τῷ ὄρει [Sinai]; Demetr. (?): 722 fgm 7 Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 19, 4] ἐπὶ τὸ ὄρος [Moriah]) τῷ ὑπηρέτῃ to the attendant (who took care of the synagogue) Lk 4:20. εἰς τὸν νιπτῆρα into the basin (that was there for the purpose) J 13:5. ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπο here is this (wretched) man 19:5. ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης or ἐλευθέρας by the (well-known) slave woman or the free woman (Hagar and Sarah) Gal 4:22f. τὸν σῖτον Ac 27:38. ἐν τῇ ἐπιστολῇ 1 Cor 5:9 (s. ἐπιστολή) τὸ ὄρος the mountain (nearby) Mt 5:1; 8:1; 14:23; Mk 3:13; 6:46; Lk 6:12; 9:28 al.; ἡ πεισμονή this (kind of) persuasion Gal 5:8. ἡ μαρτυρία the (required) witness or testimony J 5:36.—The art. takes on the idea of κατʼ ἐξοχήν ‘par excellence’ (Porphyr., Abst. 24, 7 ὁ Αἰγύπτιος) ὁ ἐρχόμενος the one who is (was) to come or the coming one par excellence=The Messiah Mt 11:3; Lk 7:19. ὁ προφήτης J 1:21, 25; 7:40. ὁ διδάσκαλος τ. Ἰσραήλ 3:10 (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 5, 18 of Socrates: ὁ τῆς Ἑλλάδος διδάσκαλος); cp. MPol 12:2. With things (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Μάρπησσα: οἱ λίθοι=the famous stones [of the Parian Marble]) ἡ κρίσις the (last) judgment Mt 12:41. ἡ ἡμέρα the day of decision 1 Cor 3:13; (cp. Mi 4:6 Mt); Hb 10:25. ἡ σωτηρία (our) salvation at the consummation of the age Ro 13:11.

ב. In its generic use it singles out an individual who is typical of a class, rather than the class itself: ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος Mt 12:35. κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον 15:11. ὥσπερ ὁ ἐθνικός 18:17. ὁ ἐργάτης Lk 10:7. ἐγίνωσκεν τί ἦν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ J 2:25. τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου 2 Cor 12:12. ὁ κληρονόμος Gal 4:1. So also in parables and allegories: ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης Mt 24:43. Cp. J 10:11b, 12. The generic art. in Gk. is often rendered in Engl. by the indef. art. or omitted entirely.

β. The use of the art. w. personal names is varied; as a general rule the presence of the art. w. a personal name indicates that the pers. is known; without the art. focus is on the name as such (s. Dssm., BPhW 22, 1902, 1467f; BWeiss, D. Gebr. des Art. b. d. Eigennamen [im NT]: StKr 86, 1913, 349–89). Nevertheless, there is an unmistakable drift in the direction of Mod. Gk. usage, in which every proper name has the art. (B-D-F §260; Rob. 759–61; Mlt-Turner 165f). The ms. tradition varies considerably. In the gospels the art. is usu. found w. Ἰησοῦς; yet it is commonly absent when Ἰ. is accompanied by an appositive that has the art. Ἰ. ὁ Γαλιλαῖος Mt 26:69; Ἰ. ὁ Ναζωραῖος vs. 71; Ἰ. ὁ λεγόμενος Χριστός 27:17, 22. Sim. Μαριὰμ ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ Ἰ. Ac 1:14. The art. somet. stands before oblique cases of indecl. proper names, apparently to indicate their case (B-D-F §260, 2; Rob. 760). But here, too, there is no hard and fast rule.—HTeeple, NTS 19, ’73, 302–17 (synopt.).

γ. The art. is customarily found w. the names of countries (B-D-F §261, 4; W-S. § 18, 5 d; Rob. 759f); less freq. w. names of cities (B-D-F §261, 1; 2; Rob. 760; Mlt-Turner 170–72). W. Ἰερουσαλήμ, Ἱεροσόλυμα it is usu. absent (s. Ἱεροσόλυμα); it is only when this name has modifiers that it must have the art. ἡ νῦν Ἰ. Gal 4:25; ἡ ἄνω Ἰ. vs. 26; ἡ καινὴ Ἰ. Rv 3:12. But even in this case it lacks the art. when the modifier follows: Hb 12:22.—Names of rivers have the art. ὁ Ἰορδάνης, ὁ Εὐφράτης, ὁ Τίβερις Hv 1, 1, 2 (B-D-F §261, 8; Rob. 760; Mlt-Turner 172). Likew. names of seas ὁ Ἀδρίας Ac 27:27.

δ. The art. comes before nouns that are accompanied by the gen. of a pronoun (μοῦ, σοῦ, ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτοῦ, ἑαυτοῦ, αὐτῶν) Mt 1:21, 25; 5:45; 6:10–12; 12:49; Mk 9:17; Lk 6:27; 10:7; 16:6; Ro 4:19; 6:6 and very oft. (only rarely is it absent: Mt 19:28; Lk 1:72; 2:32; 2 Cor 8:23; Js 5:20 al.).

ε. When accompanied by the possessive pronouns ἐμός, σός, ἡμέτερος, ὑμέτερος the noun always has the art., and the pron. stands mostly betw. art. and noun: Mt 18:20; Mk 8:38; Lk 9:26; Ac 26:5; Ro 3:7 and oft. But only rarely so in John: J 4:42; 5:47; 7:16. He prefers to repeat the article w. the possessive following the noun ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμή J 5:30; cp. 7:6; 17:17; 1J 1:3 al.

ζ. Adjectives (or participles), when they modify nouns that have the art., also come either betw. the art. and noun: ἡ ἀγαθὴ μερίς Lk 10:42; τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα 12:10; Ac 1:8; ἡ δικαία κρίσις J 7:24 and oft., or after the noun w. the art. repeated τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον Mk 3:29; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15. ἡ ζωὴ ἡ αἰώνιος 1J 1:2; 2:25. τὴν πύλην τὴν σιδηρᾶν Ac 12:10. Only rarely does an adj. without the art. stand before a noun that has an art. (s. B-D-F §270, 1; Rob. 777; Mlt-Turner 185f): ἀκατακαλύπτῳ τῇ κεφαλῇ 1 Cor 11:5. εἶπεν μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ Ac 14:10 v.l.; cp. 26:24. κοιναῖς ταῖς χερσίν Mk 7:5 D.—Double modifier τὸ πῦρ τὸ αἰώνιον τὸ ἡτοιμασμένον τῷ διαβόλῳ Mt 25:41. τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χρυσοῦν τὸ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου Rv 8:3; 9:13. ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη ἡ καθημένη 17:1.—Mk 5:36 τὸν λόγον λαλούμενον is prob. a wrong rdg. (B has τὸν λαλ., D τοῦτον τὸν λ. without λαλούμενον).—On the art. w. ὅλος, πᾶς, πολύς s. the words in question.

η. As in the case of the poss. pron. (ε) and adj. (ζ), so it is w. other expressions that can modify a noun: ἡ κατʼ ἐκλογὴν πρόθεσις Ro 9:11. ἡ παρʼ ἐμοῦ διαθήκη 11:27. ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Cor 1:18. ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ εἰς ζωήν Ro 7:10. ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν ἡ πρὸς τὸν θεόν 1 Th 1:8. ἡ διακονία ἡ εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους 2 Cor 8:4.

θ. The art. precedes the noun when a demonstrative pron. (ὅδε, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος) belonging with it comes before or after; e.g.: οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος Lk 14:30; J 9:24. οὗτος ὁ λαός Mk 7:6. οὗτος ὁ υἱός μου Lk 15:24. οὗτος ὁ τελώνης 18:11 and oft. ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος Mk 14:71; Lk 2:25; 23:4, 14, 47. ὁ λαὸς οὗτος Mt 15:8. ὁ υἱός σου οὗτος Lk 15:30 and oft.—ἐκείνη ἡ ἡμέρα Mt 7:22; 22:46. ἐκ. ἡ ὥρα 10:19; 18:1; 26:55. ἐκ. ὁ καιρός 11:25; 12:1; 14:1. ἐκ. ὁ πλάνος 27:63 and oft. ἡ οἰκία ἐκείνη Mt 7:25, 27. ἡ ὥρα ἐκ. 8:13; 9:22; ἡ γῆ ἐκ. 9:26, 31; ἡ ἡμέρα ἐκ. 13:1. ὁ ἀγρὸς ἐκ. vs. 44 and oft.—ὁ αὐτός s. αὐτός 3b.

ι. An art. before a nom. noun makes it a vocative (as early as Hom.; s. KBrugman⁴-AThumb, Griech. Gramm. 1913, 431; Schwyzer II 63f; B-D-F §147; Rob. 769. On the LXX Johannessohn, Kasus 14f.—ParJer 1:1 Ἰερεμία ὁ ἐκλεκτός μου; 7:2 χαῖρε Βαρούχι ὁ οἰκονόμος τῆς πίστεως) ναί, ὁ πατήρ Mt 11:26. τὸ κοράσιον, ἔγειρε Mk 5:41. Cp. Mt 7:23; 27:29 v.l.; Lk 8:54; 11:39; 18:11, 13 (Goodsp, Probs. 85–87); J 19:3 and oft.

ⓑ Adjectives become substantives by the addition of the art.

α. ὁ πονηρός Eph 6:16. οἱ σοφοί 1 Cor 1:27. οἱ ἅγιοι, οἱ πλούσιοι, οἱ πολλοί al. Likew. the neut. τὸ κρυπτόν Mt 6:4. τὸ ἅγιον 7:6. τὸ μέσον Mk 3:3. τὸ θνητόν 2 Cor 5:4. τὰ ἀδύνατα Lk 18:27. τὸ ἔλαττον Hb 7:7. Also w. gen. foll. τὰ ἀγαθά σου Lk 16:25. τὸ μωρόν, τὸ ἀσθενὲς τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 1:25; cp. vs. 27f. τὸ γνωστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ Ro 1:19. τὰ ἀόρατα τοῦ θεοῦ vs. 20. τὸ ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου 8:3. τὰ κρυπτὰ τῆς αἰσχύνης 2 Cor 4:2.

β. Adj. attributes whose noun is customarily omitted come to have substantive force and therefore receive the art. (B-D-F §241; Rob. 652–54) ἡ περίχωρος Mt 3:5; ἡ ξηρά 23:15 (i.e. γῆ). ἡ ἀριστερά, ἡ δεξιά (sc. χείρ) 6:3. ἡ ἐπιοῦσα (sc. ἡμέρα) Ac 16:11. ἡ ἔρημος (sc. χώρα) Mt 11:7.

γ. The neut. of the adj. w. the art. can take on the mng. of an abstract noun (Thu. 1, 36, 1 τὸ δεδιός=fear; Herodian 1, 6, 9; 1, 11, 5 τὸ σεμνὸν τῆς παρθένου; M. Ant. 1, 1; Just., D. 27, 2 διὰ τὸ σκληροκάρδιον ὑμῶν καὶ ἀχάριστον εἰς αὐτόν) τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ God’s kindness Ro 2:4. τὸ δυνατόν power 9:22. τὸ σύμφορον benefit 1 Cor 7:35. τὸ γνήσιον genuineness 2 Cor 8:8. τὸ ἐπιεικές Phil 4:5 al.

δ. The art. w. numerals indicates, as in Il. 5, 271f; X. et al. (HKallenberg, RhM 69, 1914, 662ff), that a part of a number already known is being mentioned (Diod S 18, 10, 2 τρεῖς μὲν φυλὰς … τὰς δὲ ἑπτά=‘but the seven others’; Plut., Cleom. 804 [8, 4] οἱ τέσσαρες=‘the other four’; Polyaenus 6, 5 οἱ τρεῖς=‘the remaining three’; Diog. L. 1, 82 Βίας προκεκριμένος τῶν ἑπτά=Bias was preferred before the others of the seven [wise men]. B-D-F §265): οἱ ἐννέα the other nine Lk 17:17. Cp. 15:4; Mt 18:12f. οἱ δέκα the other ten (disciples) 20:24; Mk 10:41; lepers Lk 17:17. οἱ πέντε … ὁ εἷς … ὁ ἄλλος five of them … one … the last one Rv 17:10.